Predictors of non-invasive ventilation failure in adult patients with cardiac dysfunction presenting with community-acquired pneumonia: an Egyptian multicenter prospective study

Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) might be successful if carefully selected in adult patients with cardiac dysfunction presenting with community-acquired pneumonia. The main objective of this study was to identify the early predictors of NIV failure. Adult patients with left ventricle ejection fraction (LV EF) <50% admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) with community-acquired pneumonia and acute respiratory failure were enrolled in this multicenter prospective study after obtaining informed consents (study registrationID: ISRCTN14641518). Non-invasive ventilation failure was defined as the requirement of intubation after initiation of NIV. All patients were assessed using the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) and sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) scores at admission, while their Heart rate Acidosis Consciousness Oxygenation and Respiratory rate (HACOR) and lung ultrasound (LUS) scores in addition to blood lactate were assessed at NIV initiation and 12 and 24 hours later. A total of 177 patients were prospectively enrolled from February 2019 to July 2020. Of them, 53 (29.9%) had failed NIV. The mean age of the study cohort was 64.1+or- 12.6 years, with a male predominance (73.4%) and a mean LV EF of 36.4 +or- 7.8%. Almost 55.9% of the studied patients had diabetes mellitus, 45.8% had chronic systemic hypertension, 73.4% had ischemic heart disease, 20.3% had chronic kidney disease, and 9.6% had liver cirrhosis. No significant differences were observed between the NIV success and NIV failure groups regarding underlying morbidities or inflammatory markers. Patients who failed NIV were significantly older and had higher mean SOFA and APACHE II scores than those with successful NIV. We also found that NIV failure was associated with longer ICU stay (p < 0.001), higher SOFA scores at 48 hours (p < 0.001) and higher mortality (p < 0.001) compared with the NIV success group. In addition, SOFA (Odds Ratio (OR): 4.52, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 2.59-7.88, p < 0.001), HACOR (OR: 2.01, 95% CI: 0.97-4.18, p = 0.036) and LUS (OR: 1.33, 95% CI: 1.014-1.106, p = 0.027) scores and blood lactate levels (OR: 9.35, 95% CI: 5.32-43.26, p < 0.001) were independent factors for NIV failure. High initial HACOR and SOFA scores, persistent hyperlactatemia and non-decrementing LUS score were associated with early NIV failure in patients with cardiac dysfunction presenting with community-acquired pneumonia, and could be used as clinical and paraclinical variables for early decision making regarding invasive ventilation.

Improving complementary feeding practices through a comprehensive health systems strengthening approach: experiences from Egypt. (Special section on complementary feeding in emergencies.)

This article describes experiences of improving complementary feeding practices using a systems approach with particular focus on health systems strengthening. Achievements included: the development of national guidelines for optimum complementary feeding for children 6-23 months of age, inclusion of a specific indicator for complementary feeding in the new National Food and Nutrition Strategy, updated training packages to improve health worker counselling skills and strengthened social behaviour change communication activities. A systems approach requires strong coordination between all partners across sectors to ensure communities benefit from the synergistic effects of complementary interventions, while system strengthening was noted to improve the resilience of the Ministry of Health and Population to withstand the shocks of the COVID-19 pandemic and the subsequent Ukraine crisis.

Analytical study of rural women's knowledge of health and preventive measures in Sharkia Governorate

The objective of this research was to identify some general characteristics or rural women. Sources of information on which rural woman rely in the areas of health and prevention and their relative importance. The availability.utilization and relative importance of village health services and activities. Level of rural women's knowledge of health and preventive measures in the five areas studied. namely (health education. healthy nutrition. first aid. reproductive health and family planning. prevention of coronavirus) their relative importance and their relationship with independent variables studied. Measuring the gap between the degree of actual and total knowledge of rural women. Level and relative importance of rural women's practice of health and preventive actions in the five areas considered. correlations between them and the above- mentioned independent variables. and Level of rural women's knowledge of health and preventive actions. Measuring the gap between actual and total practice of rural women. this research was conducted in some villages in Sharkia Governorate. The research sample was 168 rural households and data was collected from January to March 2022. One of the most important findinds of the research is the average level of rural women's knowledge. A significant correlation between the degree of rural women's knowledge of health and preventive actions. the trend towards change and the level of exposure to information source and an inverse correlation with wife age. psychological stress and husband age. Rural women's practice is high. A significant association was found wih monthly gourd. the trend towards change. exposure to information sources.

Rural women's behavior towards food safety and quality at Damanhour district, Beheira Governorate

The research aimed to identify the behavior of rural women towards food safety and quality at Damanhour Distrct, the simple random sample amounted to 240 respondents, representing 5% of the total. The data were collected through a personal interview by questionnaire. The most important results were: 47.9% of the respondents have a low and medium total level of knowledge of food safety and quality, and 59.5% of them have a low and medium level of implementation of those practices, 52.1% have a negative and neutral attitude towards these practices, 68.3% believe that they have not been previously infected with Covid 19, and 49.2% have not taken the vaccine for Covid 19, the All agreed on the availability of the vaccine, 35% of the respondents have a low and medium level of knowledge of practices related to food safety and quality under Covid 19, and 50.8% have a low and medium level of implementation of those practices. Also, five independent variables together explain 65.4% of the total variance in the respondents' knowledge of practices related to food safety and quality, four independent variables together explain about 62.3% of the total variance in the implementation of practices related to food safety and quality by the respondents. And seven independent variables together explain about 55.4% of the total variance in the attitudes of the rural women respondents towards food safety and quality.

Impact of the economic reform policy and COVID 19 on the seasonality of the most important Egyptian agricultural exports and imports

The research mainly aimed to study the impact of the economic reform policy and the Corona pandemic and seasonal factors on the prices of the most important Egyptian agricultural exports and imports. The most important results were the following: - By studying the trend analysis of the monthly average of the prices of the most important exported and imported commodities, it shows the real price increase over time per month for the exports of 17 commodities represented as "olive oil, dried fruits, Rumi cheese, aromatic oils and resins, dried onions, processed cheese, dried vegetables, white cheese, juices." Its foundations are oily seeds and fruits, onions and garlic, citrus fruits, preserved strawberries, frozen artichokes, processed potatoes, frozen vegetables, and potatoes. - Also found was that the economic reform policy had a statistically significant effect on the average real price of the exports of the 17 commodities under study, as well as the imports of meat, oils, sugar, beans, and wheat, in addition to the imports of the most important production requirements studied, such as seeds, pesticides, disinfectants, and fertilizers. that during the study period. - By studying the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on the real monthly prices of exports and imports of the commodities under study, it was found that the average monthly price decreased in real prices for all commodities under study, except for oils and aromatic resins, but the statistical significance of the rates of decrease during the study period did not prove.

Comparing rapid Ag test and PCR in SARS-CoV-2 management in rural Egypt

Like elsewhere around the globe, SARS-CoV-2 infection is spreading in rural Egypt. Due to high sensitivity and specificity, the gold standard of diagnostics is reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction PCR (RT-PCR). Rural areas without access to certified laboratories cannot take advantage of RT-PCR testing, and thus are dependent upon rapid antigen testing, a point-of-care test that requires less training and can produce results within 15 minutes. Rapid antigen testing can give an advantage to medical teams in rural settings by affording effective and early control of SARS-CoV-2 infection spread. We sought to assess the contribution of different COVID-19 testing procedures in rural Egypt. We conducted a prospective cohort study in a rural lab in Giza, Egypt. Approximately 223 individuals with potential SARS-CoV-2 infection were involved in the study during the pandemic peak in Giza, Egypt, from March 4 - May 30, 2021. Subjects were subjected to RT-PCR and rapid antigen testing, and the performance of each testing procedure was compared. Between March 4 - May 30, 2021, approximately 223 symptomatic individuals were included in this study. 190 patients (85.2%) were indicated as PCR positive for SARS-CoV-2, while 33 (14.8%) were PCR negative. In comparison, a rapid antigen test showed 178 out of 223 patients (79.8%) were indicated as positive, or 94% of the PCR-positive individuals. In Giza, a rural area of Egypt, RT-PCR had an optimal balance of sensitivity and specificity, however, the turnaround time was a limiting factor. Antigen testing, performed as a rapid point-of-care test, can play an effective role in rural outbreak control due to its ease of use and rapid results.

Investigating the potential effects of COVID-19 pandemic on intestinal coccidian infections

New infectious agents pose a global threat to the healthcare system, and studies are conducted to estimate their health and epidemiological outcomes in the long run. The SARS-CoV-2 virus, which has caused the COVID-19 disease, was formerly assumed to be a respiratory virus;however, it can have serious systemic effects, affecting organs such as the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Viral RNA was reported in the stool in a subset of patients, indicating another mode of transmission and diagnosis. In COVID-19, prolonged GIT symptoms, especially diarrhea, were associated with reduced diversity and richness of gut microbiota, immunological dysregulation, and delayed viral clearance. Intestinal coccidian parasites are intracellular protozoa that are most typically transmitted to humans by oocysts found in fecally contaminated food and water. Their epidemiological relevance is coupled to opportunistic infections, which cause high morbidity and mortality among immunocompromised individuals. Among immunocompetent people, intestinal coccidia is also involved in acute diarrhea, which is usually self-limiting. Evaluating the available evidence provided an opportunity to carefully consider that;the COVID-19 virus and coccidian protozoan parasites: namely, Cryptosporidium spp., Cyclospora cayetanensis, and Isospora belli, could mutually influence each other from the microbiological, clinical, diagnostic, and elimination aspects. We further systemically highlighted the possible shared pathogenesis mechanisms, transmission routes, clinical manifestations, parasite-driven immune regulation, and intestinal microbiota alteration. Finally, we showed how this might impact developing and developed countries prevention and vaccination strategies. To the best of our knowledge, there is no review that has discussed the reciprocal effect between coccidian parasites and COVID-19 coinfection.

Impact of "COVID-19" lockdown on male sexual behavior in Egyptian sample

Objective: To assess the changes in the sexual behavior of Egyptian married men during the COVID-19 lockdown period. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, the sexual behavior of 164 Egyptian married men was examined through an online questionnaire, designed by the authors, and uploaded to strictly male social media groups using Google Forms. The questionnaire included demographic and clinical variables about age, stress level about COVID-19, fear of infection during sexual relations and also compared sexual behavior before the COVID-19 lockdown. Results: 39.17% of the sample reported decrease in sexual desire, 28.05% reported decrease in sexual frequency, 17.68% reported decrease in sexual satisfaction and 22% reported fear of infection with COVID-19 during sexual relations. Severe stress about COVID-19, increased rate of marital conflicts and fear of infection with COVID-19 during sexual relations were significantly associated with decreased sexual desire, frequency and satisfaction. Conclusions: This study demonstrated severe stress about COVID-19, increased rate of marital conflict and fear of infection with COVID-19 during sexual activity, all of which were significantly associated with decreased levels of sexual desire, frequency and satisfaction respectively among married Egyptian men during the COVID-19 lockdown period. Promoting education to manage stress, decreasing marital conflicts and the correction of the mistaken belief that COVID-19 is a sexually transmitted disease is highly important to promote healthy sexual relations during the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown period.

COVID-19 and diffusion of rumors among Arab social media users: reasons and solutions

As the major source of information, social media has outpaced mainstream news channels. In these information overloaded days, differentiating rumors from facts is crucial and difficult. This study aims to explore the respondents' perception of the reasons for spreading rumors related to the Coronavirus on social media. Furthermore, it seeks to look at the respondents' perception of the ways of combating fake news related to the Coronavirus on social media. Lastly, the study attempts to know to what extent the respondents are satisfied with the performance of the media institutions in dealing with the Coronavirus. A cross-sectional survey design was used with a non-probability sample to explore the respondents' perceptions of the above-mentioned aims. A total of 1274 self-selected cases from Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Morocco, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, and the United Arab Emirates were investigated. The study finds that all respondents agree with the reasons listed in the survey about spreading rumors related to the Coronavirus on social media, except for the reasons of lacking transparency on behalf of the Ministry of Health and other official bodies and lacking accurate information about the Coronavirus. Moreover, the study confirms the respondents' beliefs that all listed ways effectively combat fake news related to the Coronavirus on social media. Furthermore, the study finds that the respondents are satisfied with the performance of the media institutions in dealing with the Coronavirus in their countries. With these findings, the study significantly contributes to the literature. It may assist various parties, such as the government and media organizations, in making the proper decision to combat the spread of rumors via social media.

Agricultural extension systems response to COVID-19 outbreak in Egypt and Nigeria

COVID-19 pandemic has brought setbacks to all human endeavours globally, in the sectors of health, education, tourism, and agriculture. African agriculture is greatly affected by the pandemic and lockdown, in particular the peasant farmers. In this regard, the agricultural extension service which has been responsible for the dissemination of innovation to the farmers becomes an indispensable platform to sensitize farmers on COVID-19 and preventive measures. Hence, this paper aimed to investigate the agricultural extension systems' response to the COVID-19 outbreak in Egypt and Nigeria. A questionnaire was administered to 200 extension agents randomly selected from the government institutions in Egypt and Nigeria. The results showed that the degree of agricultural extension staff commitment to the precautionary measures for the COVID-19 epidemic in Nigeria (x = 6.32) was higher than that in Egypt (x= 2.59). Nigerian agricultural extension agents recorded a higher contribution (x=8.82) at reducing the spread of COVID-19 than Egyptian counterparts (x = 5.52). Although the demand for agricultural extension service in Nigeria is twice that of Egypt, extension service delivery during COVID-19 in the two countries was affected by frequent changes in the operating plans, poor funding, and inconsistent internal work system. The study recommends, establishing an electronic extension platform and coordinating agricultural extension services (AES) actors including private and public sectors, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), producer organizations (POs) and the ministry of health (MOH) to face this crisis, especially in Egypt.

Urban and peri-urban agriculture in Egypt

Around the world, urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) has evolved into a new socio-political manifestation that can endorse social solidarity, environmental education, and leisure activities. It is also a way to support the urban poor in middle and low-income counties and ensure food sovereignty and self-sufficiency. Furthermore, global shocks, pandemics, and crises (e.g., food crisis 2008, COVID- 19, climate change) have illustrated the vulnerability of the global food supply chain, as well as the need for resilience in cities' long-term food security, shedding more light on UPA's multiple functions in densely populated areas, offering an alternative land use and greater genuine value. Considering the present worldwide governmental push to promote urban agriculture and contemplate its consequences on urban dwellers and their environs, it is vital to investigate Egypt as one of the world's most populous countries, with densely packed cities and significant poverty rates. Using a systematic literature review, this article studies the impact of UPA in Egypt. Data were gathered using the Scopus database and supplemented with information from grey literature. The findings demonstrate that UPA can perform a wide range of socio-economic and environmental roles, including aesthetic urban design, waste management, circular economy, energy use efficiency, microclimate control, preservation of cultural heritage, biodiversity conservation, and health and well-being promotion. However, there is possible apprehension concerning soil erosion, extensive use of fertilizers and pesticides, contamination from wastewater resulting from the poor implementation. Finally, while UPA can make a beneficial difference in Egypt, socio-political, cultural, and technical hurdles may stymie its growth.

Patterns of African healthcare funding: investment implications for public-private partnerships

The coronavirus global pandemic now poses additional peril to the already burdened healthcare systems with inadequate funding in Africa. This paper attempts to present the funding patterns for healthcare in Nigeria, Congo, Tanzania, Egypt, and South Africa. It also explored investor opportunities for lowering OOPs and increasing investor profits. Data were drawn from the WHO, the World Bank, and world charts databases. Government health expenditure was far below what individuals and families pay from out-of-pocket payments (OOPs) for healthcare services except in South Africa, where OOP accounts for only 8%. Contrary to popular notion, donation funds or foreign aid for healthcare accounts for a lower percentage of total healthcare expenditure in the countries under consideration. Households mostly bore the healthcare expenditure burden (Nigeria's OOPs of 77%, Congo- 48%, and Egypt- 60%). Averagely, Nigeria and Congo only spent about 3% of their national budget on healthcare. In comparison, Tanzania and Egypt spent an average of 4% and 5% (South Africa-8%) between 2010 and 2017, reflecting low-risk protection for households. Specific aspects for investments through public-private partnerships (PPP) reviewed in this paper should include designing innovative financing models focusing on risk pooling mechanisms to help bridge the funding gap, local production, and manufacture of pharmaceuticals and healthcare equipment at this time, instead of importation. Investors can, therefore, take advantage of the various initiatives outlined in this paper to achieve better health outcomes in Africa.

Scientometric mapping of mucormycosis research in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic

Background: Mucormycosis is an invasive fungal infection that has shown a surge during the COVID-19 pandemic. A comprehensive assessment of COVID-19 associated mucormycosis (CAM) research is lacking.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Middle East: data, facts and doubts

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus. A pneumonia of unknown cause detected in Wuhan, China was first reported to the WHO Country Office in China on 31 December 2019. The outbreak was declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern on 30 January 2020. On 11 February 2020, WHO announced a name for the new coronavirus disease: COVID-19. The Middle East is one of the areas where the virus has become widespread and has caused many deaths. The severity of the COVID-19 disease varies from country to country, with the highest rates of infection in Iran, Turkey and Egypt. Compared to other countries involved, Iran has the most recovery, too. It is worth noting that these countries have been the target of unfair US sanctions for many years, and the import of drugs and medical equipment is associated with many problems. By maintaining personal hygiene and keeping a distance from anyone who is coughing or sneezing, also stopping the civil and foreign wars, lifting the sanctions and paying special attention to the health of all people, especially the weak and sensitive, there is hope that the disease may be defeated.

Effect of nursing instructions about COVID-19 preventive measures on knowledge and reported practice of hospitalized school age children

Background: COVID-19, novel coronavirus, has been identified by the World Health Organization as a pandemic that causes highly transmittable respiratory disease. Lack of awareness about COVID-19 preventive measures represents a global threat. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effect of nursing instructions about COVID-19 preventive measures on knowledge and reported practice of hospitalized school age children. Materials and Methods: One group pre-posttest quasi-experimental design was utilized to carry out the current study. Setting: The study was conducted in the medical wards at Cairo University Specialized Pediatric Hospital CUSPH. Sample: A purposive sample of 100 hospitalized school age children was included in the study. Data Collection Tool: Structured interview questionnaire designed by the researcher contained seventy-eight questions related to children's demographic data, general knowledge about COVID-19, symptoms, modes of transmission, treatment and prevention was used.

Common phobias among Egyptian primary schoolchildren: an emergency trigger for panic disorder due to corona pandemic. (Special Issue: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19).)

BACKGROUND: In the wake of the adverse situation we are currently facing globally due to the coronavirus pandemic outbreak, it is normal to feel stressed, confused, and scared but what is abnormal is to turn this to panic. Phobias are more pronounced than fears. They develop when a person has an exaggerated or unrealistic sense of danger that may be evolved to experience panic attacks. AIM: Our objective was to identify the prevalence of most common phobias as well as panic disorder (PD) due to the coronavirus pandemic among Egyptian primary schoolchildren and their determinants. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 2015 schoolchildren from 3 to 6 grades in three governorates of Egypt. Seven types of phobias were investigated: Agoraphobia, phobias from darkness, animal, untreatable illness (mainly coronavirus), insects, height, and social phobia. The child's self-reported PD symptoms were assessed using DSM-IV with psychiatric diagnoses. RESULTS: Almost two-thirds of the surveyed primary schoolchildren have phobias of the low score (<9) versus one-third who had high phobias score (61.% vs. 35%, respectively) with highly significant difference (p < 0.001). The most prevalent phobias were from heights (66.5%) followed by darkness (60.0%). The important predictors of phobias were: Being a male child, living in an urban area, and studying at governmental school at fifth or sixth-grade residence. The prevalence of PD due to the corona epidemic is very high, it is reported by almost half of the surveyed primary schoolchildren. Fear of losing any of their family members, especially grandparents, was reported to be the highest PD symptom (97%). CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION: Phobia from heights and darkness was the most common. The prevalence of PD due to the coronavirus epidemic is reported to be very high. Calming down children who might be experienced with a phobia that is triggering their PD is recommended.

Coding-complete genome sequences of two SARS-CoV-2 isolates from Egypt

This report announces the complete genome sequences of two severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) isolates detected in Egypt. The isolates were obtained from oropharyngeal swab specimens from two Egyptians in Upper and Lower Egypt. Sequence analysis showed mutations that differentiate Egyptian strains from the reference strain 2019-nCoV WHU01.

Quality level of applied precautionary measures in the Egyptian tourism and hospitality sector to confront the COVID-19 pandemic

The COVID-19 Pandemic reached Egypt at the beginning of 2020. It resulted in serious repercussions in many sectors in Egypt, including the tourism sector. Thus, tourism and hospitality establishments in Egypt have been trying to do their utmost to come up with a solution to confront this global pandemic, or at least to alleviate its consequences.

Urban mental health and psychosocial support in Egypt. (Special Section: Mental health and psychosocial support.)

PSTIC Associates help people manage their feelings of qualification, dependence, disappointment, and anger in an attempt to help them solve their problems. PSTIC also focuses on building self-help skills for families. For example, activities are designed not only for children, but also for families to build the ability to help their children. If you do not have a family, or if your family cannot help, PSTIC helps the community take responsibility for helping vulnerable members. COVID-19, PSTIC has enhanced information sharing via the MHPSS Facebook page, where information is shared in six languages. The Housing Initiative Team will ensure safe and affordable housing, resolve disputes with landlords, and provide emergency response to teach financial planning. In addition, the Health Advocacy Medical Team helps refugees access emergency medical care, and nurses also provide home care for sleepless people. Interventions at Levels 2, 3, and 4 of the MHPSS Pyramid assess needs, develop individualized case plans, and provide counseling and conflict mediation, community integration, advocacy, mentoring, and referrals. A trained refugee psychosocial team is involved. The team has intensive child and family protection management, gang violence mediators, school-based activities for boys to promote nonviolence activities, and specialized playgroups for children with special needs and their families. Offers. This team strives to minimize community stigma, promote community integration, and promote compliance with mental health care through home visits. The multilingual refugee counselor's counseling team provides short-term targeted counseling to individuals, couples and families, and the Egyptian psychiatrist's mental health team, along with mental health professionals, is a person with a serious spirit. Provides psychotherapy and psychiatric treatment to refugees at the PSTIC Clinic for illnesses. The urban environment poses many challenges in providing mental health and psychosocial support to refugees. In these situations, MHPSS interventions should be accessible to the most vulnerable people and designed for their unique situation. The community-based urban model PSTIC247 is internationally recognized and its international training institution welcomes trainees from 15 countries to participate in field-based training. The practices developed by PSTIC to address the challenges of Cairo's cities can provide lessons for those who work in the hearts of other cities.

Economic study of the performance of Egypt's agricultural sector in the face of contemporary challenges

In the light of the research problem, the main objective of this research is to determine the extent to which the agricultural sector is able to fulfil its role in the development of the Egyptian economy and to assess its performance in the light of contemporary local and regional changes during the first and second decades of the twenty-first century by examining a set of sub-objectives. The research has produced a series of findings, the most important of which are: The agricultural sector has contributed to reducing the economic burden on the Egyptian economy during the second decade of the present century in terms of its contribution to foreign trade It was also found that the exchange rate increased in favour of exports and imports, as well as that the agricultural sector declined in its role in the national economy in terms of its contribution to GDP, suffered from periods of contraction in the size of its economic activity affected by some economic decisions made in the Egyptian economy, as well as some political changes that were not matched by economic changes. The research also found that the rate of utilization of the agricultural area unit in Egypt declined during the two study periods. The research also showed that the political events of the second decade of the present century and the subsequent economic and social changes were never in favour of agricultural employment. It has also been shown that the agricultural sector has become a volatile employment sector and that its aim in absorbing more employment must go hand in hand with the implementation of comprehensive development programmes that balance the use of technology and labour, and that the continued omission of this social aspect will lead to a decline in the ability of the agricultural sector to absorb more labour in the coming years, which will have a negative impact on the national level. An assessment of the performance of the agricultural sector between reality and target shows that about 66.7% of the targeted increase in the value of Egyptian agricultural exports over the period was achieved. (2017-2020) A gap of $ 2.83 billion in this value is expected by the year 2030, as shown by the achievement of the target for the contribution of the agricultural sector to GDP, as well as a significant gap between the reality and the planned increase in the agricultural area by rehabilitation where about 56 have been achieved,8% of the target increase up to 2020, as shown by the difficulty of achieving the agricultural sector's employment absorption targets.1% dropped to about 21.7% in 2018 and then decreased to about 20.0%.6% in 2019, and with the spread of Covid virus in 2019, this proportion is expected to fall short. On the basis of the findings, the research recommended a review of the set of actions and policies that would restructure agricultural activity, which would increase the contribution of the agricultural sector to GDP, especially in view of the many challenges that might hamper agricultural activity, and a study of the possibilities for horizontal agricultural expansion in the light of the anticipated crisis in Egypt's share of the Nile waters after the next phase to fill the Zabia renaissance dam. The research also recommends that operational programmes should be reviewed to promote economic development in the agricultural sector, with comprehensive development programmes that balance the use of technology and labour so as to stabilize the situation of agricultural labour, especially skilled labour, and to impede the inhibitors to achieve the objectives of the agricultural sector.